Climate Change
EGAT’s core mission is to ensure sufficient electricity generation and energy security to support national economic development. This is carried out with a commitment to environmental quality through the adoption of Best Available Technology. At present, domestic renewable energy generation is continuously promoted to drive the energy transition toward carbon neutrality and net-zero emissions. At the same time, EGAT remains focused on maintaining system stability and balanced electricity pricing.
As a state enterprise in the energy sector, EGAT supports Thailand’s efforts under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), particularly in achieving the country’s post-2020 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30-40% by 2030. In 2024, EGAT has set the following goals and achieved the following results:
| Target for 2024 | Performance |
| ● Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the NDC of 6 million tCO2 | ● Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the NDC of 10.46 million tCO2 (forecasted value) |
Policy of Greenhouse Gas Management
EGAT has implemented a greenhouse gas management policy across the organization since 2007, with regular updates. The most recent revision, made in 2018 to align with international goals and national policy, is as follows:
1. EGAT is committed to leading greenhouse gas reduction efforts in the power generation sector through clean and efficient technology which aligns with its Long-Term Greenhouse Gas Management Plan (2018–2030) and the national emission reduction targets.
2. Develop a greenhouse gas management network within the electricity generation sector.
3. Promote and enhance the implementation of greenhouse gas reduction measures and projects across all EGAT operations.
4. Promote research and development of technologies and innovations to achieve sustainable greenhouse gas reduction, in alignment with climate change adaptation efforts
5. Support the development of the carbon market.
EGAT successfully exceeded its greenhouse gas reduction target, achieving a total reduction of 10.46 million tCO2 through 4 measures, namely electricity generation from renewable energy, increasing efficiency of electricity generation, establishment of standard criteria for No.5 energy-saving labelling and use of cement substitute materials in ready-mixed concrete. Details of EGAT’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction are as follows:
EGAT’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction at the Measure Level (2022-2024)
| Measures | Amount of greenhouse gas reduction (tCO2) | ||
| 2024* | 2023 | 2022 | |
| Electricity generation from renewable energy | 2,891,445 | 2,950,811 | 3,426,834 |
| Increasing efficiency of electricity generation | 4,015,185 | 4,252,093 | 3,493,782 |
| Establishment of standard criteria for No.5 energy-saving labelling** | 3,238,514 | 2,114,821 | 1,364,615 |
| Use of cement substitute materials in ready-mixed concrete | 321,936 | 329,023 | n/a** |
| Total | 10,467,080 | 9,646,748 | 8,285,231 |
Note
* The preliminary greenhouse gas reduction results for 2024 are subject to verification by EGAT’s Greenhouse Gas Management Committee, scheduled for July 2025.
** Cumulative greenhouse gas emissions over the service life of each equipment.
*** There was no available data in 2022, as the evaluation commenced in 2023.
Goal of Greenhouse Gas Reduction at the Organization Level
In 2021, EGAT announced its Carbon Neutrality Policy, targeting carbon neutrality by 2050. A short-term goal was set to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 30% by 2030, compared to the 2021 baseline, while the long-term goal reflects EGAT’s strategic direction toward achieving carbon neutrality by 2050
EGAT’s Long-Term Plan for Greenhouse Gas Management
EGAT has prepared its long-term greenhouse gas management plan (2018-2030) to be consistent with the national policy and strategy, to support the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Thailand and to achieve the goal of greenhouse gas management at the organization level by the following 4 strategies:
- Strategy 1: Reduction of greenhouse gas to achieve the goal of the organization
- Strategy 2: Building understanding, raising awareness and fostering stakeholder collaboration
- Strategy 3: Serving as a focal point for greenhouse gas reduction in the electricity generation sector
- Strategy 4: Research and development
The strategies are essential for the greenhouse gas management of the organization, network and alliances, energy sector and relevant stakeholders.
EGAT has intensified its operations in greenhouse gas management by setting a carbon neutrality target for 2050. EGAT is closely monitoring the national policy shift from the Nationally Determined Contribution to the Carbon Neutrality and is currently reviewing its greenhouse gas management operations to support the Carbon Neutrality target-setting and the development of the EGAT Carbon Neutrality Roadmap, guiding the organization toward a sustainable low-carbon future.
Operational Structure
EGAT has established the EGAT Greenhouse Gas Management Committee, comprising senior executives from relevant units. The committee is responsible for overseeing the implementation of policies, closely monitoring progress and evaluating performance. The Greenhouse Gas Management Department under the Project Environment Division has been designated as the lead unit specifically responsible for organizational greenhouse gas management. This division works collaboratively with all relevant departments to effectively drive policy implementation and maximize operational efficiency.
Additionally, EGAT has appointed the EGAT Carbon Neutrality Strategic Steering Committee to ensure the effective, clear and tangible execution of initiatives aimed at achieving the EGAT Carbon Neutrality goal.
Procurement Measure to Mitigate Climate Change
Since 2009, EGAT has prioritized procurement practices that contribute to climate change mitigation. The organization has announced its Green Procurement Policy to demonstrate its commitment to social, community, and environmental responsibility by promoting the use of environmentally friendly products and services.
Stakeholders and Greenhouse Gas Management
Stakeholders are a key factor in EGAT’s greenhouse gas reduction efforts, especially electricity users. To promote their involvement, EGAT has implemented the Energy Efficiency Label No.5 program, which sets standards and labeling criteria for electrical appliances to encourage energy-saving behavior. EGAT collects and reports annual greenhouse gas reductions achieved through this initiative.
Apart from the greenhouse gas reduction measures, EGAT also implements major project-level GHG reduction initiatives, offering various channels for stakeholders to actively participate in emission reduction efforts.
1. Thailand Voluntary Emissions Reduction Program (T-VER)
Since 2014, EGAT has continuously implemented voluntary greenhouse gas reduction projects under the Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program (T-VER) to promote domestic greenhouse gas mitigation and the carbon credit market. In 2024, EGAT received carbon credit certification for two hydropower projects: the Kwae Noi Bamrung Dan Dam in Phitsanulok Province (137,979 tCO₂e) and the Lamrang Irrigation–Mae Ngat Somboon Chon Dam in Chiang Mai Province (4,143 tCO₂e).
Additionally, EGAT has registered the Floating Solar Hybrid Project at Ubolratana Dam Unit 1 in Khon Kaen Province as a T-VER project, with an expected annual reduction of 22,860 tCO₂e. EGAT is also in the process of registering the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiative of HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (RSPG) at Srinagarind Dam in Kanchanaburi Province as a T-VER project, with an estimated annual carbon sequestration of 973 tCO₂e.
2. EGAT Green Credit Project
EGAT promotes renewable energy generation by expanding into green business initiatives that support long-term sustainability. To meet the needs of diverse stakeholders advocating for clean energy, EGAT has developed the EGAT Green Credit program which includes trading Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) and carbon credits under Thailand’s Voluntary Emission Reduction Program (T-VER). As a Thailand Local Issuer, EGAT certifies RECs for domestic power plants in accordance with the International Tracking Standard Foundation (I-Track Foundation), helping to drive renewable energy production and consumption, mitigate climate change and support national greenhouse gas reduction goals.
In 2024, EGAT provided registration services for power plants in Thailand under the I-Track Foundation standards and certified a total of 7,496,809 RECs. EGAT was also designated by the Ministry of Energy as the lead agency for developing the Utility Green Tariff (UGT), a key national measure to promote renewable electricity generation and consumption, supporting Thailand’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.
3. EGAT Cooling Innovation Fund (CIF)
The EGAT Cooling Innovation Fund (CIF) was established with the objective of promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly cooling technologies that utilize natural refrigerants and enhance energy efficiency in the air conditioning and refrigeration industry. The fund operates from April 2021 to June 2025 and encompasses a wide range of support measures designed to meet market needs and drive technological transition in targeted sectors. The strategic plan is structured around four key areas:
(1) Training and Education Knowledge dissemination and capacity building have been provided to vocational instructors, trainers, manufacturers, maintenance technicians and other relevant personnel to ensure safe handling of flammable refrigerants. This initiative is conducted in collaboration with King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok and the Office of the Vocational Education Commission. The program includes upgrading existing training centers and establishing 17 new centers nationwide. Since the project began in 2021, over 600 vocational instructors and skilled technicians have been trained.
(2) Demonstration and Pilot Projects EGAT supports demonstration and pilot technology projects through collaboration with both public and private sector organizations, such as:
- Solar refrigerated cabinet demonstration project under the refrigeration innovation fund
- Project supporting the transition to water-loop cooling systems using natural refrigerants
- Project supporting the transition to commercial freezers using natural refrigerants
- Project promoting the use of energy-saving No.5-labelled refrigerated display cabinets using natural refrigerants
- Project promoting the use of energy-saving No.5 labelled refrigerator using natural refrigerants
- Project promoting proper disposal management of used air conditioners and refrigerants
- Project developing an ammonia-based cooling system integrated with ice slurry thermal storage for low-temperature vertical farming
- Project developing an ammonia-based cooling system integrated with paraffin phase-change thermal storage to support temperature reduction in transparent plastic greenhouses
- Project supporting solar energy systems for air conditioning with natural refrigerants
In addition, EGAT has implemented internal demonstration and pilot technology projects at its facilities such as:
- Solar Power System for Air Conditioning at Tha Thung Na Machinery Center
- Development of a Vapor Compression Cooling System Using Water as the Working Fluid
- Demonstration of an Ice-Based Thermal Energy Storage System Integrated with Solar Power for Cooling Energy Management at the Near-Zero Carbon Building (Mae Moh Power Plant Interlocking Block Building)
- Solar Power System for Natural Refrigerant-Based Cooling Systems in EGAT Dam Areas
(3) Safety and Standards EGAT supports research and development in safety and product design, as well as provides facilities for testing products that use natural refrigerants. For example, EGAT has supported the product testing laboratory of the Electrical and Electronics Institute (EEI) to accommodate the testing and certification of commercial refrigerators using natural refrigerants before they are released to the market.
(4) Knowledge Management and Communication EGAT supports the collection and dissemination of information and knowledge derived from the operations of the Cooling Innovation Fund (CIF) and other sources. This knowledge is shared to benefit relevant stakeholders and interested parties through various channels such as websites, manuals and video clips.
As a result of the fund’s implementation, it is estimated that approximately 40,000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e) will be cumulatively reduced. This contribution helps position Thailand’s air conditioning and refrigeration industry as a key player in supporting the country’s commitment to its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), as declared at the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Greenhouse Gas Management Communication and Outreach
With extensive experience in greenhouse gas management, EGAT participated in the 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, held in Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan, in 2024. EGAT took part in a side event at the Thailand Pavilion, presenting its approaches and achievements in greenhouse gas management, as well as its EGAT Carbon Neutrality target for 2050, through the Triple S strategy. The presentation highlighted activities under the ‘Triple S’ strategies, focusing on the topics ‘Energy Transition towards Carbon Neutrality’ and ‘Compressed Biomass Board Product to Fight Global Warming.’ This participation served as a platform for international knowledge exchange, enabling EGAT to share insights and contribute value to society and the environment.
Performance and Effectiveness Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Management
EGAT assesses its total greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the ISO 14064-1:2018 standard to ensure continuous monitoring and control. An independent third-party verifier is engaged to verify the data and data collection processes. Additionally, EGAT uses its greenhouse gas emissions data to establish environmental indicators for evaluating eco-efficiency, which helps monitor resource utilization alongside environmental responsibility, supporting the organization’s path toward sustainable development.
According to the performance monitoring and evaluation results, EGAT’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2024 (Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3) amounted to 126,334,019.09 tCO₂e, representing a 7.24% increase from the base year. This increase is attributed to the inclusion of additional Scope 3 emission activities.
For the assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Electricity Production, based on ISO 14064-1:2018 and limited to Scope 1 and Scope 2 carbon dioxide emissions, EGAT generated 66,745,355,802 kilowatt-hours of net electricity in 2024, with total CO₂ emissions from Scope 1 and Scope 2 sources amounting to 34,885,441,870 kilograms of CO₂ equivalent. This results in an emission intensity of 0.5227 kgCO₂/kWh which is a 5.62% reduction from the base year.
EGAT’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions
| Significant Greenhouse Gas Emissions under Operational Control Scope | 2024 (tCO2eq) | 2023 (tCO2eq) | Base year 2022 (tCO2eq) |
| Scope 1 / Category 1 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from the activities of the organization comprising: – Combustion from electricity generation process – Use of transportation – Mining – CO2 emissions in SO2 removal (FGD) – Use of SF6 in extinguishing electric arc of high voltage electricity system | 34,875,864.13 | 34,677,066.59 | 33,174,230.37 |
| Scope 2 / Category 2 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the use of energy: – Use of electricity from outside | 9,595.74 | 14,264.84 | 9,698.52 |
| Scope 3 / Category 4 Other indirect greenhouse gas emissions: | 91,448,577.22 | 84,214,776.30 | 84,045,739.42* |
| Classification 1: Purchased goods and services – A4 paper / masking tape / whiteboard marker / document folder / ink cartridge / garbage bags / cloth gloves / toilet paper / welding wire / chlorine / carbon brush / conveyor belt / battery / oil-absorbent cloth / bearing / packing / O-ring / contact cleaner / solvent | 2,064.32 | 1,879.35 | 146.66 |
| – Utilization of municipal water supply | 852.67 | 813.31 | 634.38 |
| Classification 3: Fuel- and energy-related activities – Origin of fuels utilized by the organization | 5,409,675.35 | 5,446,566.62 | n/a |
| – Electricity purchased for sale | 86,034,295.47** | 78,758,126.59 | 84,044,958.39 |
| Classification 5: Waste generated in operations | 1,082.07*** | 5,874.94 | n/a |
| Classification 7: Employee commuting – Employee shuttle service vehicles | 607.35 | 1,515.50 | n/a |
| Total | 126,334,019.09 | 118,906,107.73 | 97,983,756.71 |
Note
– All greenhouse gas emissions data are calculated using Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), based on a 100-year time horizon.
– Scope 2/Category 2 emission is calculated using emission factor from the EF CFO (TGO) which includes transmission loss.
– Greenhouse gases included in the emissions calculations (Scope 1, 2, and 3/Categories 1, 2, and 4) are CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆. NF₃ is not relevant to EGAT’s operations.
– The year 2021 was selected as the base year, as it marks the year EGAT announced its policy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.
– * Emissions from A4 paper usage, municipal water consumption, and electricity purchased for sale.
– ** Calculated by using CO2 intensity per unit of electricity generated in 2023.
-*** Amount of waste from Mae Moh Power Plant, North Bangkok Power Plant, South Bangkok Power Plant, Nam Phong Power Plant, Wang Noi Power Plant, Bang Pakong Power Plant, Krabi Power Plant and Chana Power Plant.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity per Electricity Production in 2024 in Comparison with the Base Year
| Intensity | 2024 (kgCO2/kWh) | Base year 2021 (kgCO2/kWh) | Percentage of reduction |
| Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of electricity production | 0.5227 | 0.5538 | 5.62 |
Note: Only the greenhouse gas emissions of scope 1 and scope 2
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity per Electricity Production
| Scope/Activities | 2024 (kgCO2eq/kWh) | 2023 (kgCO2eq/kWh) | base year 2021 (kgCO2eq/kWh) |
| Scope 1 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from activities of the organization | |||
| Combustion from electricity generation process | 0.5225 | 0.5122 | 0.5536 |
| Use of transportation | |||
| Coal mining | |||
| CO2 emissions in the SO2 removal (FGD) | |||
| Use of SF6 in extinguishing electric arc of high voltage electricity system | |||
| Scope 2 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the use of energy | |||
| Use of electricity from outside | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 |
Note
– Net electricity generation of EGAT in 2024 was 66,745,355,802 kWh
– Net electricity generation of EGAT in 2023 was 67,703,742,326 kWh
– Net electricity generation of EGAT in 2021 was 60,954,769,827 kWh
Climate Adaptation, Resilience and Transition
EGAT recognizes the increasing severity of climate change and the ongoing necessity of fossil fuel-based electricity generation to maintain national energy security. In response, EGAT has developed comprehensive strategies to prepare for and adapt to potential risks and impacts on the organization and its stakeholders, as outlined below:
Climate Transition, Adaptation, and Response Plan
EGAT has established the EGAT Carbon Neutrality Plan, which encompasses a diverse range of greenhouse gas reduction strategies. This plan elevates the organization’s planning and strategic efforts to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, in alignment with Thailand’s national target. The plan is driven by the Triple S Strategy, comprising:
S1 – Sources Transformation
EGAT aims to increase the share of renewable energy in electricity generation and develop alternative technologies to support renewables. This approach promotes energy self-reliance using domestic natural resources and reduces reliance on costly imported fuels. A key initiative is the Floating Solar-Hydro Hybrid Power Plant Project, with the latest commercial operation being Ubolratana Dam Floating Solar Power Plant (Unit 1) in Khon Kaen Province, with a total installed capacity of 24 MW. This supports national policy to increase renewable energy in the grid.
Recognizing the intermittency of renewable energy, EGAT has developed the Grid Modernization System, integrating advanced technologies to enhance grid flexibility and accommodate the increasing and unpredictable supply of renewable energy. EGAT has also established the Renewable Energy Forecast Center to forecast wind and solar power generation, and the Demand Response Control Center, which connects with MEA and PEA systems to centrally manage national load response.
For major power plants, EGAT has upgraded facilities to become Flexible Power Plants, enabling rapid adjustments in output to complement fluctuating renewable energy. Energy storage systems have been introduced, including Pumped Storage Hydro Plants, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) and Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems (HESS), to stabilize the grid and store surplus renewable energy for later use.
EGAT also integrates Big Data/Data Analytics with power system operators and invests in technologies such as Flexible Generation Virtual Power Plants (VPP) and the Energy Trading Platform (ETP).
In the long term, EGAT plans to enhance Regional Grid Connectivity to balance energy security, affordability, and sustainability through shared regional resources. Research is also underway on alternative energy sources such as hydrogen fuel for future electricity generation. This first “S” strategy plays a crucial role in balancing energy security with carbon neutrality.
S2 – Sink Co-creation
EGAT is currently studying the application of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies for its power plants to absorb and store carbon emissions.
S3 – Support Measures Mechanism
This final strategy focuses on public participation in reducing electricity consumption, thereby lowering carbon dioxide emissions from power generation. Key initiatives include the Label No.5 Energy Efficiency Program, which has received strong public support. EGAT has enhanced efficiency standards by introducing star ratings on labels to encourage manufacturers to improve product performance.
EGAT also promotes comprehensive Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption, including support for EV production and development of EV Business Solutions such as:
- “EleX by EGAT” charging stations
- “EleXA” mobile application for locating charging stations
- “EGAT Wallbox” home chargers
- “BackEN” system integration platform for EV-related services
Additionally, EGAT supports the Bio-Circular-Green Economy (BCG) initiative to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
Risk, Opportunity and Financial Implications
EGAT continues to rely on coal-fired power generation to maintain national energy security and price stability. The Mae Moh Power Plant, currently the only coal-fired power plant owned and operated by EGAT, has the second-lowest electricity generation cost, following hydropower. An immediate shutdown of this plant would lead to a significant increase in national electricity prices, adversely affecting all sectors of the economy and society.
Although global coal-fired power generation is gradually declining, leading to a reduction in global coal prices, Mae Moh Mine is not directly impacted, as its coal pricing is not linked to global market rates and remains significantly lower. However, the cost of coal from Mae Moh is expected to rise due to changes in mining areas and reduced production volumes which increase the fixed cost per unit.
Looking ahead, EGAT anticipates a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage. By the end of 2025, EGAT plans to decommission Mae Moh Units 8–13, with a combined contracted capacity of 1,620 MW and commence operation of Mae Moh Unit 15, a 600 MW unit equipped with modern technology that requires less coal for electricity generation. By 2026, the total contracted capacity of Mae Moh Power Plant will decrease from 2,220 MW to 1,200 MW, resulting in a reduction in coal consumption from 14–15 million tons per year to 6–7 million tons per year.
Carbon-related policies have impacted the Mae Moh Unit 15 project. Due to international restrictions on financing coal-fired power plant construction, the bidding process attracted few participants, requiring two rounds of tendering and causing delays in construction and operation. Additionally, the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) presents a significant emerging risk. If more countries adopt similar carbon measures, EGAT’s coal-based electricity generation could face direct challenges.
Recognizing the potential economic, social and environmental impacts following the cessation of coal mining and coal-fired power generation at Mae Moh, EGAT is conducting studies and planning for area rehabilitation and development. Current efforts include exploring renewable energy projects to replace retiring coal units such as solar power plants and pumped-storage hydropower plants, as well as the potential conversion of coal-fired plants to biomass power plants. These initiatives aim to ensure electricity stability in northern Thailand while supporting local economic and social development.
Climate Change-Related Investment
| Type of investment | Proportion of investment per the total investment |
| Exploration, survey, acquisition and development of the new reserve | Feasibility studies are currently underway for biomass and hydrogen power plants |
| Expanding the existing mine | Approximately 30% of coal production plan, phase 6 |
| Energy from renewable energy (Classified according to the type of renewable energy) | Feasibility studies are currently underway for biomass and hydrogen power plants |
| Technology for carbon dioxide removals from the atmosphere and solving the problem by natural way to mitigate the climate change | EGAT is conducting a study on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) |
| Initiative in research and development which can cope with corporate risk concerning climate change | Research proposals are currently under review and development |