Climate Change 

EGAT is committed to maintaining a balance among the country’s energy, economic, and environmental dimensions by emphasizing energy stability and security, prudent management of energy costs at an appropriate level, and environmental stewardship. This is achieved through the application of the best available technology in its operations, together with the continuous promotion of domestic renewable electricity generation in support of the energy transition toward the achievement of carbon neutrality. 

As a state-owned enterprise in the energy sector, EGAT supports Thailand’s implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in response to the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30–40% by 2030.  

In 2025, EGAT established targets and delivered performance in line with this direction as follows: 

Target for 2025	Performance
● Reduce greenhouse gas emissions under NDC measures by 7.50 million tons of carbon dioxide	● Reduced greenhouse gas emissions under NDC measures by 11.32 million tons of carbon dioxide

Policy of Greenhouse Gas Management 

EGAT first announced its organization-wide Greenhouse Gas Management Policy in 2007 and has continuously updated the policy since then. The most recent revision, made in 2018, was undertaken to align its operational approach with international goals as well as national policies. The policy provides that EGAT shall: 

1. Be committed to leadership in greenhouse gas reduction in the power generation sector by applying clean and efficient technologies, in line with EGAT’s Long-Term Greenhouse Gas Management Plan 2018–2030 and the country’s greenhouse gas reduction targets
2. Develop greenhouse gas management networks in the power generation sector
3. Promote and enhance implementation of greenhouse gas reduction measures and projects arising from EGAT’s activities across the organization
4. Promote research and development in technologies and innovation to achieve sustainable greenhouse gas reduction consistent with climate change adaptation
5. Support the development of the carbon market

In 2025, EGAT supported Thailand’s greenhouse gas reduction under energy sector measures by 11.32 million tons of carbon dioxide, exceeding its target through three key measures: renewable power generation, improved power generation efficiency, and Standards and No. 5 Energy Efficiency Label. 

Greenhouse Gas Reductions under Measures for which EGAT is responsible in 2023–2025

Measures	Amount of greenhouse gas emissions reduced (tCO2)
	2025*	2024	2023
Electricity generation from renewable energy	3,315,304	2,891,445	2,950,811
Increasing efficiency of electricity generation	3,895,473	4,015,185	4,252,093
Standards and No. 5 Energy Efficiency Label	4,105,339	3,238,514	2,114,821
Total	11,316,116	10,467,080	9,646,748

Note
* The 2025 greenhouse gas reduction results are preliminary estimates.

In addition, EGAT implemented a cement substitute material measure in ready-mixed concrete to further support greenhouse gas reduction under industrial sector measures. This represents another approach to reducing carbon dioxide emissions from construction processes and material production. 

Measures	Amount of greenhouse gas emissions reduced (tCO2)
	2025*	2024	2023
Use of cement substitute materials in ready-mixed concrete	317,841	321,936	329,023

Note
* The 2025 greenhouse gas reduction results are preliminary estimates.

Organizational Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Targets 

In 2021, EGAT announced its EGAT Carbon Neutrality policy and set a short-term target to reduce GHG emissions intensity per net electricity generated by 30% by 2030, compared with the base year of 2021. EGAT also established a long-term target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. 

EGAT Greenhouse Gas Management Action Plan 

In 2025, EGAT prepared the EGAT Greenhouse Gas Management Action Plan 2026–2030, which was developed from the EGAT Long-Term Greenhouse Gas Management Plan 2018–2030 in order to align with EGAT’s operational direction as well as the country’s current policies and strategies, which have become increasingly challenging. The plan supports implementation toward the country’s NDC target and the achievement of EGAT’s organizational greenhouse gas reduction goals, with the following objectives: 

1. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the energy sector measures in the NDC by at least 14 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2eq) by 2030.  
2. Reduce EGAT’s GHG emissions intensity per net electricity generated by at least 30% by 2030, compared with the 2021 base year. 

The plan is implemented through four key strategies: 

1. Greenhouse gas monitoring and evaluation 
2. Strengthen participation and enhance knowledge and understanding of greenhouse gas management 
3. Preparation for greenhouse gas reduction implementation 
4. Development or enhancement of tools and mechanisms to support greenhouse gas operations 

These strategies play a significant role in managing greenhouse gases across the organization, as well as among networks, partners, the energy sector, and relevant stakeholders. 

At present, Thailand has strengthened its greenhouse gas reduction ambition by setting a net zero greenhouse gas emissions target for 2050. EGAT has closely monitored the country’s policy transition from Carbon Neutrality to Net Zero Emissions and is currently reviewing its greenhouse gas management operations in order to determine future targets and prepare a roadmap to guide the organization toward a sustainable low-carbon society. 

Greenhouse Gas Management Structure 

EGAT has established an EGAT Greenhouse Gas Management Committee, comprising senior executives from relevant business lines, to oversee policy deployment and closely monitor and evaluate performance. The Greenhouse Gas Management Department under the Project Environment Division has been assigned as the responsible unit for greenhouse gas management at the organizational level, working operationally with all relevant units to drive policy implementation toward maximum effectiveness. 

In addition, EGAT has established the EGAT Carbon Neutrality Strategy Steering Committee to drive and oversee the implementation of the EGAT Carbon Neutrality strategy, ensuring that actions are carried out effectively and translated into tangible outcomes. 

Procurement Measures for Climate Change Mitigation 

Since 2009, EGAT has placed importance on procurement practices that support climate change mitigation by announcing its Green Procurement Policy as part of its commitment to social, community, and environmental responsibility through the promotion of environmentally friendly products and services. 

Stakeholders and Greenhouse Gas Management 

Stakeholders are important to the implementation of EGAT’s greenhouse gas reduction measures, particularly electricity users, who are the key group supporting the achievement of the organization’s greenhouse gas reduction targets. EGAT has therefore established the Standards and No. 5 Energy Efficiency Label to encourage and motivate electricity users to participate concretely in the greenhouse gas reduction process. EGAT collects data and reports greenhouse gas reductions achieved through this measure on an annual basis. 

In addition, EGAT has implemented several important project-level greenhouse gas reduction initiatives to provide channels and opportunities for stakeholders who wish to participate in reducing greenhouse gas emissions through diverse and appropriate means, as follows: 

1. Thailand Voluntary Emissions Reduction Program (T-VER) 

EGAT has continuously implemented projects under the Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program (T-VER) since 2014 in order to promote greenhouse gas reduction and support the development of the domestic carbon credit market. 

In 2025, EGAT renewed the T-VER registration for the following projects: 

• Kiew Kor Mah Dam Hydropower Plant Project, Lampang Province 
• Lam Ta Khong Wind Turbine Power Generation System Project (2×12 MW), Nakhon Ratchasima Province 

EGAT also applied for carbon credit certification for: 

• Kiew Kor Mah Dam Hydropower Plant Project, Lampang Province, with an expected certified carbon credit volume of 28,177 tCO2eq 
• Khlong Tron Dam Hydropower Plant Project, Uttaradit Province, with an expected certified carbon credit volume of 9,952 tCO2eq 

In addition, EGAT is in the process of registering the following areas as T-VER projects under the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (RSPG): 

• Srinagarind Dam area, Kanchanaburi Province: 1,025 rai 
• Bhumibol Dam area, Tak Province: 8,758 rai 

2. EGAT Green Credit

Promoting renewable electricity generation by expanding into related green businesses is another approach that helps ensure the long-term sustainability of green energy while responding to the needs of diverse stakeholder groups that support renewable energy use. EGAT has therefore developed a green business under the EGAT Green Credit brand, providing Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) and carbon credits under the Thailand Voluntary Emission Reduction Program (T-VER).  

As Thailand’s Local Issuer, EGAT provides REC certification services for power plants in Thailand in accordance with the standards of the International Tracking Standard Foundation (I-Track Foundation). This helps promote the generation and use of renewable energy, improves access to renewable energy for businesses, and supports the country’s greenhouse gas reduction goals. 

In 2025, EGAT provided registration services for power plants under the I-Track Foundation standard and issued more than 5.92 million RECs. EGAT also worked with the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC), the Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA), and the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) to launch the Utility Green Tariff Type 1 (UGT1) service for non-source-specific green electricity users, thereby expanding options for business operators seeking to use green electricity. 

The UGT1 tariff is set as a premium on top of the regular electricity tariff. This additional charge applies only to UGT1 users and does not affect general electricity consumers. 

UGT1 represents a major milestone in Thailand’s provision of clean electricity services together with internationally recognized source certification, and marks the first full-scale clean electricity service and certification mechanism in Thailand. 

3. EGAT Cooling Innovation Fund (CIF) 

The EGAT Cooling Innovation Fund (CIF) was established to promote sustainable innovation and drive the market toward environmentally friendly, energy-efficient cooling technologies using natural refrigerants. The fund operated from 1 April 2021 to 30 June 2025

EGAT designed the fund’s strategic program to cover four areas: 

• Training & Education 
• Demonstration and Pilots 
• Safety and Standard 
• Knowledge Management and Communication 

Over more than three years of operation, the CIF provided over THB 190 million in funding to various organizations and projects, leading to the expansion of the green cooling innovation network and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 46,670 tCO2eq. This has enabled Thailand’s air-conditioning and refrigeration industries to contribute to the country’s net zero emissions target. 

4. EGAT Greenova Cool Fund (EGAT GCF) 

Following the completion of the EGAT Cooling Innovation Fund (CIF) in June 2025, EGAT used the remaining CIF funds to establish the EGAT Greenova Cool Fund (EGAT GCF). The purpose of the fund is to build upon the success of CIF in supporting and promoting the use of environmentally friendly natural refrigerants, improving energy efficiency, and developing cooling innovations that create benefits for society and the environment. The fund is scheduled to operate until 30 December 2027. 

Public Relations on Greenhouse Gas Management 

With its long-standing experience in greenhouse gas management, in 2025 EGAT participated in the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30) in Belém, Federative Republic of Brazil. EGAT took part in side events at the Thailand Pavilion to present its approaches and achievements in greenhouse gas management under the topics “From Funding to Impact: Cooling Innovation for a Climate-Safe Future” and “From Coal to Clean: Driving Mae Moh Towards a Sustainable Low-Carbon City”. This participation represented an opportunity to exchange knowledge with the international community and to build upon that knowledge to create value for society and the environment as a whole. 

Performance Results and Effectiveness Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Management 

EGAT assesses its greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol and the Carbon Footprint for Organization (CFO) methodology of the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization) in order to monitor and control greenhouse gas emissions on a continuous basis. The data and data collection processes are also subject to verification by an independent external verifier in accordance with the GRI Standards, thereby enhancing the credibility and transparency of the assessment results. 

In addition, EGAT uses data on its greenhouse gas emissions to establish environmental indicators for Eco-Efficiency assessment in order to monitor and evaluate the efficiency of organizational resource use. Most recently, in 2025, EGAT became the first state-owned enterprise in Thailand to issue a Sustainability-linked Bond (SLB) in the amount of THB 2 billion, with a 5-year tenor, for institutional investors. The financial terms of the bond are linked to sustainability indicators, namely the reduction of GHG Emissions Intensity per net electricity generated, representing the use of financial mechanisms to drive the organization toward sustainability. 

According to performance monitoring and effectiveness evaluation, EGAT’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 (Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3) amounted to 126,366,275.50 tCO2eq. 

For the assessment of GHG Emissions Intensity per net electricity generated, only Scope 1 and Scope 2 emission sources are included. In 2025, EGAT generated 61,951,830.87 kilowatt-hours of net electricity, while greenhouse gas emissions from Scope 1 and Scope 2 sources totaled 32,744,170.04 tCO2eq, resulting in a GHG Emissions Intensity of 0.5285 kgCO2eq/kWh, representing a 4.57% reduction from the base year. 

EGAT’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions 

Significant greenhouse gas emissions based on the operational control approach	2025 (tCO2eq)	2024 (tCO2eq)	Base year 2022 (tCO2eq)
Scope 1 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from the activities of the organization   – Fuel combustion in electricity generation processes – Organizational vehicle use – Coal mining – CO2 emissions from the SO2 removal process (FGD) – Use of SF6 in arc extinguishing in high-voltage electrical systems	32,738,568.08	34,875,864.13	33,174,230.37
Scope 2 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the use of energy  – Purchased electricity for internal use	5,601.96	9,595.74	9,698.52
Scope 3 Other indirect greenhouse gas	93,622,105.46	91,448,577.22	84,045,739.42*
Category 1: Purchased goods and services  – Consumable materials/equipment used within the organization	31,113.18 3/	2,064.32 2/	146.66 1/
– Water supply use	754.28	852.67	634.38
Category 3: Fuel- and energy-related activities  – Upstream emissions from EGAT’s power generation fuels	4,689,254.33	5,409,675.35	n/a
– Upstream emissions from the organization’s vehicle fuels	3,584.88	3,784.33	84,044,958.39
– Purchased electricity for organizational use	1,106.05	1,894.58
– Purchased electricity for resale	88,893,373.67 4/	86,034,295.47 4/	84,044,958.39
Category 5: Waste generated in operations	2,919.07 5/	1,082.07 5/	n/a
Category 7: Employee commuting   – Employee shuttle buses	– 6/	607.35	n/a
Total	126,366,275.50	126,334,019.09	117,802,000.41

Note
–  All greenhouse gas emission data are calculated using Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from Global Warming Potential Values 100 Years – the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). 
–  Scope 2 uses an Emission Factor referenced from EF CFO (TGO), which already includes transmission losses. 
– Greenhouse gases included in the calculation of emissions (Scopes 1, 2, and 3) are CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF₆. NF₃ is not relevant to EGAT’s operations. 
– 2021 was selected as the base year because it was the year in which EGAT announced its policy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. 
– 1/ Scope 3, Category 1 emissions reported for A4 paper only 
– 2/ Scope 3, Category 1 emissions expanded to include 21 items 
– 3/ Scope 3, Category 1 emissions expanded to include 22 items 
– 4/ Calculated using the CO2 intensity per electricity generated (by fuel type) of 2024 
– 5/ Waste quantity data cover only the following power plants: Mae Moh, North Bangkok, South Bangkok, Nam Phong, Wang Noi, Bang Pakong, Krabi, and Chana 
– 6/ All employee shuttle buses were changed to electric vehicles  

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity per Net Electricity Generated in 2025 Compared with the Base Year 

Intensity	2025 (kgCO2/kWh)	Base year 2021 (kgCO2/kWh)	Percentage of reduction
GHG Emissions Intensity per net electricity generated	0.5285	0.5538	-4.57

Note: Based only on Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity per Net Electricity Generated 

Scope/Activities	2025 (kgCO2eq/kWh)	2024 (kgCO2eq/kWh)	base year 2021 (kgCO2eq/kWh)
Scope 1 Direct greenhouse gas emissions
Fuel combustion in electricity generation processes	0.5285	0.5225	0.5536
Organizational vehicle use
Coal mining
CO2 emissions from the SO2 removal process (FGD)
Use of SF6 in arc extinguishing in high-voltage electrical systems
Scope 2 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions
Purchased electricity from external sources	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002

Note
– EGAT’s net electricity generated in 2025 was 61,951,830.87 kilowatt-hours 
– EGAT’s net electricity generated in 2024 was 66,745,355,802 kilowatt-hours 
– EGAT’s net electricity generated in 2021 was 60,954,769,827 kilowatt-hours 

Climate Adaptation and Resilience 

EGAT recognizes that climate change is becoming increasingly severe. At the same time, electricity generation from fossil fuels remains necessary to maintain energy security. The organization has therefore prepared to adapt and respond to risks and impacts that may affect the organization and its stakeholders as follows: 

Climate Transition, Adaptation, and Response Plan 

EGAT has established the EGAT Carbon Neutrality Plan, which comprises a variety of greenhouse gas reduction strategies and strengthens planning and strategic direction to guide the organization toward carbon neutrality by 2050, based on the Triple S Strategy, consisting of: 

S1 – Sources Transformation 
EGAT aims to increase the proportion of electricity generated from renewable sources and develop alternative technologies to support their integration. Major projects include 17 hydro-floating solar hybrid projects with a combined installed capacity of 2,725 MW, which are being accelerated for completion by 2030. 

EGAT is also implementing Phase 1 of the Mae Moh Solar Farm Project in Lampang Province, a ground-mounted solar power project with a net capacity of 38.5 MW, intended to replace electricity drawn from the transmission system for use in Mae Moh mining operations, rather than for commercial power sales. The project completed its first synchronization with the Mae Moh mine electrical system on 12 December 2025, and is expected to achieve full-capacity electricity supply in the first quarter of 2026. 

As renewable electricity generation can be variable and may affect the stability of the national power system, EGAT is modernizing the transmission grid (Grid Modernization) to accommodate growing and weather-dependent renewable generation. This includes the establishment of the Renewable Energy Forecast Center (REFC) to forecast wind and solar generation, and the Demand Response Control Center (DRCC), connected with the systems of MEA and PEA, to serve as the national center for aggregate demand response management. 

EGAT is also upgrading its power plants to become Flexible Power Plants, capable of rapidly increasing or decreasing generation in response to fluctuations in renewable energy. EGAT also utilizes Energy Storage Systems (ESS), including Pumped Storage Hydro Plants, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), and Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems (HESS), to accommodate variability in renewable energy within the power system and store surplus renewable electricity when generation exceeds system demand for subsequent use during periods of higher electricity demand. 

In addition, EGAT is integrating and exchanging Big Data/Data Analytics with power system operators and investing in other technologies such as Flexible Generation, Virtual Power Plants (VPP), and Energy Trading Platforms (ETP). In the long term, EGAT plans to strengthen regional grid connectivity to balance the three key factors of security, affordability, and sustainability through integrated regional resource utilization. 

EGAT is also improving electricity generation and use efficiency within the organization. Examples include the Mae Moh Power Plant efficiency improvement project using the Active Boiler Condition Monitoring System, and L-gas Tuning for gas turbines at the South Bangkok Power Plant, both of which reduce fuel use while maintaining the same level of electricity generation. 

At the same time, EGAT is exploring sustainable low-carbon energy sources, such as the use of hydrogen blended with natural gas as a fuel for power generation. Feasibility studies have been conducted on hydrogen fuel blending systems at six of EGAT’s combined-cycle power plants: North Bangkok Power Plant, South Bangkok Power Plant, Wang Noi Power Plant, Bang Pakong Power Plant, Nam Phong Power Plant, and Chana Power Plant. 

EGAT is further studying and developing the production of hydrogen and ammonia fuels in potential areas, while advancing a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) project, which is considered a power generation option capable of supporting power system security, clean energy, and cost competitiveness. 

An Initial Study Report was conducted covering key issues including technology, cost, site selection, human resources, legal and regulatory frameworks, and nuclear power plant and infrastructure development plans. Knowledge and understanding of nuclear technology have also been enhanced among relevant stakeholders. 

S2 – Sink Co-creation 
EGAT is studying the application of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology to its power plants, using the Mae Moh Power Plant as a case study. The study evaluates the physical, operational efficiency, and economic impacts of installing carbon capture systems. EGAT is also conducting research and development into the use of carbon in reaction with by-products generated within the power plant to produce products that can be reused in electricity generation processes in line with the circular economy concept. 

In addition, EGAT plans to study the potential for underground carbon storage in areas surrounding the Mae Moh Power Plant and to assess the carbon storage potential of basalt formations, with implementation expected to begin by 2026 and conclusions on project development approaches anticipated by 2027. 

S3 – Support Measures Mechanism for Carbon Offset and Avoidance Projects
EGAT seeks to enable all Thai people to participate in reducing electricity consumption, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions from power generation. This is pursued through electricity demand-side management projects and comprehensive EV promotion initiatives, including support for electric vehicle manufacturing and development of EV Business Solutions, such as “EleX by EGAT” charging stations, “EleXA” application for locating EV charging stations, “EGAT Wallbox”, a small home charger, and “BackEN” system, which integrates all EV-related systems to maximize overall management efficiency. 

Risk, Opportunity and Financial Implications 

Coal-fired power generation remains necessary for EGAT to maintain the country’s energy security and energy price stability. As Mae Moh Power Plant, the only coal-fired power plant currently operated by EGAT, has a low cost of electricity generation, an immediate shutdown of the plant would increase the country’s overall electricity tariffs and affect all sectors of the economy and society. 

Although global coal-fired power generation is gradually declining, prompting global coal businesses to adjust by reducing coal prices, Mae Moh Mine may not be directly affected because the coal price used at Mae Moh does not currently reference the global market price and is significantly lower. Nevertheless, coal prices from Mae Moh Mine are expected to rise in the future due to changes in mining areas and declining coal production volumes, which will increase fixed costs per unit. 

In addition, carbon-related measures have affected the Mae Moh Unit 15 Power Plant Project, as many countries have adopted policies to discontinue financing for coal-fired power plant construction projects. As a result, only a limited number of bids were submitted for the power plant construction contract, requiring the bidding process to be conducted twice. This delayed project implementation and prevented the plant from commencing commercial operation as originally scheduled. Consequently, the contracted generation capacity of the Mae Moh Power Plant will decrease from 2,220 MW to 1,140 MW in 2026, resulting in a reduction in coal consumption from approximately 14–15 million tons per year to 6–7 million tons per year. 

This will also reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the Mae Moh Power Plant, along with revenue from electricity sales. It will further result in the loss of an opportunity to invest in a new, higher-efficiency power plant, as existing plants must instead be used and refurbished to extend their service life in order to maintain the country’s electricity generation security. However, extending the life of older plants will result in higher coal consumption per unit of electricity generated compared with new plants. 

For future implementation, the Energy Policy Administration Committee (EPAC), at its meeting on 14 August 2025, and the National Energy Policy Council (NEPC), at its meeting on 21 August 2025, approved the following resolutions: 

1. Postpone the retirement of Mae Moh Units 8 and 11 from 31 December 2025 to 31 December 2031, or until the refurbishment of Units 12 and 13 is completed 
2. Proceed with the refurbishment of Mae Moh Units 12 and 13 and postpone their retirement until 2048 (during the refurbishment period from 2026–2031, the units will be temporarily shut down and will not supply electricity to the grid) 

These actions are intended to preserve the stability of the power system and reduce the impacts of the energy crisis. 

Recognizing the potential economic, social, and environmental impacts that may arise following mining operations at Mae Moh Mine and the cessation of coal-fired electricity generation at the Mae Moh Power Plant, EGAT has undertaken studies and planning for area rehabilitation and development. At present, EGAT is studying the development of renewable energy projects to replace coal-fired power plants that will be retired in the future, such as solar power plants and pumped-storage hydropower plants, as well as the possibility of converting a coal-fired power plant to a biomass power plant. The objective is to ensure the security and stability of Thailand’s electricity generation system, particularly in the northern region, while continuing to drive economic and social development in the area. 

Climate Change Investment Expenditure 

Investment Category	Share of Investment Compared with Total Capital Expenditure (%)
Exploration, survey, acquisition, and development of new reserve sources	26.65
Renewable energy	5